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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abweitung</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Abweitung</b> (engl. <i>departure</i>) bezeichnet die <a href="L%C3%A4nge_(Mathematik)" title="Länge (Mathematik)">Länge</a> eines <a href="Kreisbogen" title="Kreisbogen">Breitenkreisbogens</a> zwischen zwei <a href="Punkt_(Geometrie)" title="Punkt (Geometrie)">Punkten</a> derselben <a href="Geographische_Breite" title="Geographische Breite">geographischen Breite</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2691650573917bbe9b3d1c28ecfb49275110d16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi }" loading="lazy"></span> auf der <a href="Erde" title="Erde">Erdoberfläche</a>. Die Abweitung ist am <a href="%C3%84quator" title="Äquator">Äquator</a> mit etwa 111&nbsp;km bei einer Längendifferenz von 1° am größten und nimmt zu den <a href="Pol_(Geographie)" title="Pol (Geographie)">Polen</a> hin ab, an denen sie den Wert Null hat. Die Abweitung ist – abgesehen vom Äquator – größer als die kürzeste <a href="Abstand" title="Abstand">Entfernung</a> auf der Erdoberfläche zwischen den beiden Punkten, da der Äquator als einziger Breitenkreis ein <a href="Gro%C3%9Fkreis" title="Großkreis">Großkreis</a> ist. Die Abweitung unterscheidet sich damit wesentlich vom Abstand zweier Punkte entlang eines Meridians, denn dieser ist (auf der Kugel) nur von der Breitendifferenz, nicht von der Breite selbst oder der Länge abhängig.
</p><p>In der <a href="Nautik" title="Nautik">Nautik</a> ist die Abweitung also die mit dem Parallelkreis zusammenfallende <a href="Kathete" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathete">Kathete</a> im <a href="Kursdreieck" title="Kursdreieck">Kursdreieck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Oft wird die Definition der Abweitung auch eingeschränkt auf den <a href="Abstand" title="Abstand">Abstand</a> entlang eines Breitenkreises zwischen zwei <a href="Meridian_(Geographie)" title="Meridian (Geographie)">Meridianen</a>, die genau 1° auseinander liegen.<sup id="cite_ref-uni-rostock_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uni-rostock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Berechnung">Berechnung</h2></div>
<p>Auf einer kugelförmigen Bezugsfläche berechnet sich die Länge des Breitenkreisbogens zwischen zwei Punkten der geographischen Breite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2691650573917bbe9b3d1c28ecfb49275110d16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi }" loading="lazy"></span> und der geographischen Längen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6bdb45936455c14cb97d92b2694aabb3adb4f0e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6f7cc900d101d9b35833b0c4a65e85033671dfe2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.797ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\lambda _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda =|\lambda _{2}-\lambda _{1}|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda =|\lambda _{2}-\lambda _{1}|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c72e25e98364b061d04f8f13ad4fc945b75b05f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.343ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta \lambda =|\lambda _{2}-\lambda _{1}|}" loading="lazy"></span> und dem Umfang <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\phi }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\phi }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df155a3f7dae0a5d718b86de90248d0fa493ea9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.799ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\phi }}" loading="lazy"></span> des Breitenkreises aus:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot U_{\phi }.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot U_{\phi }.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7bee813411f86efa24b87f325b0cff12ff6041f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:24.647ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot U_{\phi }.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Umfang eines Breitenkreises ist von der geographischen Breite sowie dem Erdradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> oder dem Erdumfang <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>U</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}" loading="lazy"></span> abhängig:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\phi }=2\pi R\cos \phi =U\cos \phi .}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>U</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>R</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>U</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\phi }=2\pi R\cos \phi =U\cos \phi .}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bec0b0ca82f2c0cf289cd223929118401e505a26.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:26.226ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\phi }=2\pi R\cos \phi =U\cos \phi .}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für die Abweitung auf einer kugelförmigen Bezugsfläche ergibt sich damit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda \cdot U}{360^{\circ }}}\cos(\phi ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>U</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda \cdot U}{360^{\circ }}}\cos(\phi ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/052d490791c7dc07150f3bb17dff7bc3bc35206e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:29.072ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda \cdot U}{360^{\circ }}}\cos(\phi ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Wird für genauere Berechnungen ein <a href="Referenzellipsoid" title="Referenzellipsoid">Referenzellipsoid</a> als Bezugsfläche verwendet, kann der Umfang eines Breitenkreises nicht wie oben berechnet werden. Stattdessen wird der Querkrümmungsradius <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N(\phi )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N(\phi )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/de9358fddbf2bfa4718163e933bc3e86ecd7b1cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.258ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N(\phi )}" loading="lazy"></span> der geographischen Breite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2691650573917bbe9b3d1c28ecfb49275110d16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi }" loading="lazy"></span>, d.&nbsp;h. der <a href="Kr%C3%BCmmungskreis" title="Krümmungskreis">Normalkrümmungsradius</a> einer <a href="Geod%C3%A4te" title="Geodäte">geodätischen Linie</a> quer zum Meridian, verwendet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 2\pi N(\phi )\cdot \cos(\phi ).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>360</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>N</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 2\pi N(\phi )\cdot \cos(\phi ).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/435549f784b2713aaed73c4181a68bd6fa1ad54a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:37.585ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {Abweitung} ={\frac {\Delta \lambda }{360^{\circ }}}\cdot 2\pi N(\phi )\cdot \cos(\phi ).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Werte">Werte</h2></div>
<p>Die folgende Tabelle zeigt die Abweitung in Abhängigkeit von der geographischen Breite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2691650573917bbe9b3d1c28ecfb49275110d16c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi }" loading="lazy"></span> für zwei Referenzellipsoide. Die letzte Spalte gibt zum Vergleich die Meridianbogenlänge zwischen der Breite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi -0{,}5^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi -0{,}5^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/95481e481f61ae1178c7df34556507cb1d99e7e3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.639ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi -0{,}5^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> und der Breite <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \,\phi +0{,}5^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \,\phi +0{,}5^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68889642a718b72c29067a8aa7bc41859ef836e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.639ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \,\phi +0{,}5^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span> an, deren Abhängigkeit von der Breite gering ist.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="5">Abweitung</th>
<th>Meridian-<br>bogen-<br>länge
</th></tr>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th colspan="3"><a href="Bessel-Ellipsoid" title="Bessel-Ellipsoid">Bessel-Ellipsoid</a></th>
<th colspan="2"><a href="WGS84" class="mw-redirect" title="WGS84">WGS84</a>
</th></tr>
<tr align="right">
<th>Breite</th>
<th>1° <small>[km]</small><sup id="cite_ref-wissenschaft-online_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wissenschaft-online-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th>
<th>1′ <small>[m]</small></th>
<th>1″ <small>[m]</small></th>
<th>1° <small>[km]</small></th>
<th>1° <small>[km]</small>
</th></tr>
<tr class="hintergrundfarbe5" align="right">
<td>0°</td>
<td>111,307</td>
<td>1855</td>
<td>30,9</td>
<td>111,319</td>
<td>110,574
</td></tr>
<tr align="right">
<td>10°</td>
<td>109,627</td>
<td>1827</td>
<td>30,5</td>
<td>109,639</td>
<td>110,608
</td></tr>
<tr align="right">
<td>20°</td>
<td>104,635</td>
<td>1744</td>
<td>29,1</td>
<td>104,647</td>
<td>110,704
</td></tr>
<tr align="right">
<td>30°</td>
<td>96,475</td>
<td>1608</td>
<td>26,8</td>
<td>96,486</td>
<td>110,852
</td></tr>
<tr align="right">
<td>40°</td>
<td>85,384</td>
<td>1423</td>
<td>23,7</td>
<td>85,394</td>
<td>111,035
</td></tr>
<tr class="hintergrundfarbe5" align="right">
<td>45°</td>
<td>78,837</td>
<td>1314</td>
<td>21,9</td>
<td>78,847</td>
<td>111,132
</td></tr>
<tr align="right">
<td>50°</td>
<td>71,687</td>
<td>1195</td>
<td>19,9</td>
<td>71,696</td>
<td>111,229
</td></tr>
<tr align="right">
<td>60°</td>
<td>55,793</td>
<td>930</td>
<td>15,5</td>
<td>55,800</td>
<td>111,412
</td></tr>
<tr align="right">
<td>70°</td>
<td>38,182</td>
<td>636</td>
<td>10,6</td>
<td>38,187</td>
<td>111,562
</td></tr>
<tr align="right">
<td>80°</td>
<td>19,391</td>
<td>323</td>
<td>5,4</td>
<td>19,393</td>
<td>111,660
</td></tr>
<tr class="hintergrundfarbe5" align="right">
<td>90°</td>
<td>0<span style="visibility:hidden;">,000</span></td>
<td>0</td>
<td>0<span style="visibility:hidden;">,0</span></td>
<td>0<span style="visibility:hidden;">,000</span></td>
<td>111.694
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><a href="Bogensekunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogensekunde">Sekunden</a>genaue <a href="Geographische_Koordinaten" title="Geographische Koordinaten">geographische Koordinaten</a> sind also in Mitteleuropa (auf etwa 49°&nbsp;Breite) in der Länge auf 20&nbsp;Meter genau. In der Breite haben sie dagegen unabhängig vom Ort eine Genauigkeit von etwa 30&nbsp;Meter. Metergenaue Position bedarf also zumindest der zweiten Kommastelle der Dezimalsekunden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Meyers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Abweichung (Deklination)</i>. In: <i>Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon.</i> Band 1. Leipzig 1905, S. 66. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Meyers-1905/A/Abweichung">zeno.org</a>)</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-uni-rostock-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-uni-rostock_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">etwa: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoinformatik.uni-rostock.de/einzel.asp?ID=1225863622">Abweitung</a></i>. In: <i>Geoinformatik-Service. Lexikon.</i> geoinformatik.uni-rostock.de</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wissenschaft-online-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wissenschaft-online_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zit. nach <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/abo/lexikon/karto/44">Abweitung</a>.</i> In: <i>Lexikon der Kartographie und Geomatik.</i> Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, wissenschaft-online.de (nur für 1°, Rest errechnet)</span>
</li>
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